The bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay for an asset and the lowest price a seller is willing to accept.
The Blue Ocean is considered (from a marketing point of view) as yet an untapped or uncontested market space.
– The term was coined by Chang Kim and René Mauborgne in Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Free Market Space and Eliminate Competition.
The book value of a company is the net difference between the total assets and total liabilities of that company, where the book value reflects the total value of the company’s assets that the company’s shareholders would have received if the company were liquidated.