Arbitrageurs are investors who exploit market inefficiencies of any kind. They are necessary to ensure that inefficiencies between markets are smoothed out or kept to a minimum.
A beneficial owner is a person who enjoys the benefits of ownership, despite the fact that the ownership of the property is registered in a different name.
Capitulation occurs when a significant proportion of investors give in to fear and sell within a short period of time, resulting in a sharp drop in the price of a security or market against a backdrop of high trading volume.
A central counterparty clearing house (CCP) is an organization, usually run by a large bank, that exists in European countries to facilitate the trading of derivatives and equities.