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• The adjusted closing price changes the closing price of a share to reflect the value of that share after accounting for any corporate action.

Allocation is the systematic distribution of business resources between different entities and over time.#

• Alphabet shares are shares of a publicly traded company that have different classes of shares, commonly referred to as “.A shares” or “.B shares”.

• Anti-dilution clauses are clauses built into convertible preferred shares to help protect investors from their investments that could lose value.

• Par value is the price at which the bond was issued, also known as its face value.

• BAT stock is an acronym used to refer to China’s top three technology companies: Baidu Inc., Alibaba Holding Group Ltd. and Tencent Holdings Ltd.

• A backstop is the act of providing extreme assistance or security in an offering of securities to an unsubscribed portion of the shares.

• The basic materials sector consists of companies involved in the exploration, development and processing of raw materials.

• Bearer shares are unregistered equity securities owned by the owner of the physical shares documents. The issuing company pays dividends to holders of physical coupons.

• Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that uses living organisms such as microbes and bacteria to decontaminate affected areas.

• The “tit in hand” theory says that investors prefer stock dividends over potential capital gains due to the uncertainty of capital gains.

• Cash dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders in the form of periodic cash distributions (as opposed to shares or any other form).

• Ordinary shares are securities representing ownership of a corporation.

• Compound interest is a process in which interest is credited to the existing principal as well as to the interest already paid.

• Most interest is accrued every six months, quarter or month.

• Convertible preferred shares are a type of preferred shares that pay dividends and can be converted into ordinary shares at a fixed conversion rate after a certain period of time.

• Shares are dividend, which means “with dividend” when the company has declared that the dividend will be in the future, but has not yet paid them.

• Cyclical stocks are affected by macroeconomic changes when their returns match the cycles of the economy.

• A debt/equity swap involves an exchange of capital for debt in order to write off money owed to creditors.

• Decoupling is when the performance of an asset class that has been correlated with other assets in the past no longer changes in line with expectations.

• Defensive stocks are stocks that provide stable dividends and stable earnings regardless of the overall state of the stock market.

• A depositary receipt (DR) is a negotiable certificate representing shares of a foreign company traded on a local stock exchange.

• Distressed securities are securities issued by a company that is on the verge of bankruptcy or in the process of bankruptcy.

• Dividend is the distribution of corporate profits among eligible shareholders.

• A company is a dividend aristocrat if it increases the dividend paid to shareholders for at least 25 consecutive years.