• Churning is the excessive trading of assets in a client’s brokerage account in order to earn commissions.

  • Whipping is illegal and unethical and carries heavy fines and penalties.
  • Brokerages may charge transaction fees or a fixed percentage fee for managed accounts.
  • Fixed-fee accounts can be subject to “reverse churning”, in which little or no trading takes place in exchange for an annual share of the assets.
  • Investors can avoid outflows and reverse outflows while maintaining an active role in making decisions about their portfolios.