Defensive Stock

• Magic formula investing is a successfully proven strategy that can increase your chances of beating the market.

• The Piotrosky scale is a scale from zero to nine, which includes nine factors that indicate the financial stability of the company.

• Relative value evaluates the value of an asset by comparing it with the value of similar assets.

• Value investing is an investment strategy that involves selecting stocks that trade at a price below their intrinsic or book value.

• Value stocks trade at levels that are perceived to be below fundamentals.

• The adjusted closing price changes the closing price of a share to reflect the value of that share after accounting for any corporate action.

Allocation is the systematic distribution of business resources between different entities and over time.#

• Alphabet shares are shares of a publicly traded company that have different classes of shares, commonly referred to as “.A shares” or “.B shares”.

• Anti-dilution clauses are clauses built into convertible preferred shares to help protect investors from their investments that could lose value.

• Par value is the price at which the bond was issued, also known as its face value.

• BAT stock is an acronym used to refer to China’s top three technology companies: Baidu Inc., Alibaba Holding Group Ltd. and Tencent Holdings Ltd.

• A backstop is the act of providing extreme assistance or security in an offering of securities to an unsubscribed portion of the shares.

• The basic materials sector consists of companies involved in the exploration, development and processing of raw materials.

• Bearer shares are unregistered equity securities owned by the owner of the physical shares documents. The issuing company pays dividends to holders of physical coupons.

• Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that uses living organisms such as microbes and bacteria to decontaminate affected areas.

• The “tit in hand” theory says that investors prefer stock dividends over potential capital gains due to the uncertainty of capital gains.

• A buyout is a reference to an investor buying back shares because the original seller was unable to deliver the shares as promised.

• Cash dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders in the form of periodic cash distributions (as opposed to shares or any other form).

• Ordinary shares are securities representing ownership of a corporation.

• Compound interest is a process in which interest is credited to the existing principal as well as to the interest already paid.

• Most interest is accrued every six months, quarter or month.

• Convertible preferred shares are a type of preferred shares that pay dividends and can be converted into ordinary shares at a fixed conversion rate after a certain period of time.

• Shares are dividend, which means “with dividend” when the company has declared that the dividend will be in the future, but has not yet paid them.

• Cyclical stocks are affected by macroeconomic changes when their returns match the cycles of the economy.

• A debt/equity swap involves an exchange of capital for debt in order to write off money owed to creditors.