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Annuities with L shares are a class of variable annuities that allow for shorter repayment periods, typically 3-4 years. Labor intensity refers to a process or industry that requires a large amount of labor to produce goods or services. The labor market refers to the supply and demand for labor, where workers provide supply and employers provide demand. The flexibility of the labor market allows companies to make decisions about their workforce in response to market changes and help increase production. Labor productivity measures output per hour of working time. The Labor Theory of Value (LTV) states that the value of economic goods is determined by the amount of labor required to produce them. The union represents the collective interests of workers by negotiating with employers on issues such as wages and working conditions. Ladder is a financial term used in different ways depending on the industry. American economist Arthur Laffer in 1974 developed the normal distribution curve, known as the Laffer curve. Lagging behind its benchmark in terms of return on investment.